Heart Sounds Tutorial

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. The Basics
3. Murmurs
   1. Benign murmurs
   2. Murmurs II
   3. Aortic Stenosis
   4. Mitral Regurgitation
   5. Aortic Regurgitation
   6. Mitral Stenosis
   7. Tricuspid Valve
   8. Pulmonic Valve
   9. Ventricular Septal Defect
   10. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
   11. Atrial Septal Defect
   12. Coarctation of the Aorta
   13. Mitral Valve Prolapse
4. Extracardiac Sounds
5. MCQ
6. Acknowledgements and References

Pulmonic Valve

Again regurgitation is the most common problem with the pulmonary (aka pulmonic) valve with inflammatory changes rarely causing pulmonic stenosis along with pulmonic regurgitation.

Pulmonic Stenosis when it occurs is usually congenital.

The murmur of pulmonic regurgitation (PR) is similar to that of Aortic Regurgitation and the two can be difficult to differentiate on their sound alone, but there will not be the peripheral signs of AR.